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General Reading: Scottish Royalty
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Scottish Kings:
House of Alpin
The House of Alpin is a dynasty of Scottish kings who ruled Pictland, later Alba, from 843 to 1034. Its name derives from the patronym of Kenneth MacAlpin (Cináed mac Ailpín), king of the Picts and first of the dynasty which created Alba. Máel Coluim II was the last descendant of Alpin in the male line to be king, subsequent kings claiming descent in the female line. The relationship of Eochaid and Giric to previous kings is uncertain.
Kingdom of Strathclyde
Strathclyde (Gaelic: Srath Chluaidh), also known as Alt Clut, the British name for Dumbarton Rock, was one of the kingdoms of the Britons in southern Scotland during the post-Roman, Early and High Medieval periods. It may have had its origins in the Damnonii of Ptolemy's Geographia. Simple relief map of Scotland and nearby parts of Ireland and England.Contents [hide] 1 Origins 2 Early Historic Period 2.1 The Old North 2.2 The Kingdom of Alt Clut 2.3 The Viking Age 3 The end of Strathclyde 4 Notes 5 References 6 See also 7 External links Place-name and archaeological evidence points to some settlement by Norse or Norse-Gaels in the Viking Age, although to a lesser degree than in neighbouring Galloway. A small number of Anglian place-names show some limited settlement by incomers from Northumbria prior to the Norse settlement. Due to the series of language changes in the area, it is not possible to say whether any Goidelic settlement took place before Gaelic was introduced in the High Middle Ages. After the sack of Dumbarton Rock by a Viking army from Dublin in 870, the name Strathclyde comes into use, perhaps reflecting a move of the centre of the kingdom to Govan. In the same period, it was also referred to as Cumbria, and its inhabitants as Cumbrians. During the High Middle Ages, the area was conquered by the kingdom of Alba, becoming part of the new kingdom of Scotland. It remained a distinctive area into the 12th century.
House of Alpin (restored)
The House of Alpin is a dynasty of Scottish kings who ruled Pictland, later Alba, from 843 to 1034. Its name derives from the patronym of Kenneth MacAlpin (Cináed mac Ailpín), king of the Picts and first of the dynasty which created Alba. Máel Coluim II was the last descendant of Alpin in the male line to be king, subsequent kings claiming descent in the female line. The relationship of Eochaid and Giric to previous kings is uncertain.
House of Dunkeld
The so-called House of Dunkeld is a historiographical and genealogical construct to illustrate the clear succession of Scottish kings from 1034 to 1040 and from 1058 to 1290. It is dynastically sort of a continuation to Cenél nGabráin, "race of Fergus", as "house" an originally Celtic concept to express one of the two rivalling leader clans of early medieval Scotland, whose founding father is king Fergus Mor of Dalriada. This Ferguside royal clan had rivalled the crown (of Dalriada, then that of Alba) against the Cenél Loairn, the later House of Moray for the preceding four or more centuries. The Cenél nGabráin were represented by the so-called House of Alpin before Dunkeld. Genealogically Dunkeld dynasty is based on Donnchad I of Scotland being of a different agnatic clan than his predecessor and maternal grandfather Máel Coluim II of Scotland. However, sociohistorically seen a more essential point to start has been regarded to been the reign of Donnchad's son Máel Coluim III of Scotland which happens to coincide with the start of the centuries-long period of strong influence from the southern neighbor, the Kingdom of England.
House of Moray
The so-called House of Moray is a historiographical and genealogical construct to illustrate the succession of rulers whose base was at the region of Moray and who ruled sometimes a larger kingdom. It is much the same as Cenél Loairn (although not necessarily exactly), an originally Celtic concept to express one of the two rivalling leader clans of early medieval Scotland. The so-called house of Loairn or of Moray was distantly related to the Scottish House of Alpin, its rival, and claiming descent from the eponymous founder Loarn mac Eirc. Some of its members became the last kings of the Picts while three centuries later, two members succeeded to the Scottish throne ruling Scotland from 1040 until 1058. At the times when the rival held the throne, the Loairn leaders however usually had their effectively independent state of Moray, where a succession of kings (kinglets) or mormaers ruled. The Loairn succession followed quite loyally the rules of tanistry, resulting in practice to outcomes where branches of the leaders' extended family rotated on the rulership, posibly keeping a balance between important branches (this is quite typical for tribal societies, where primogeniture is much less usual than agnatic seniority or turns on the throne). For example, MacBeth descended from one branch and his stepson Lulach from another. Not much nor convincing evidence survives that the House of Loairn followed in any way the postulated Pictish tradition of matrilineal succession. Rather, their succession seems to follow quite fully the Irish-Celtic tradition of agnatic clan.
Suggested Reading: Macbeth: Man and Myth by Nick Aitchison |
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House of Dunkeld
The so-called House of Dunkeld is a historiographical and genealogical construct to illustrate the clear succession of Scottish kings from 1034 to 1040 and from 1058 to 1290. It is dynastically sort of a continuation to Cenél nGabráin, "race of Fergus", as "house" an originally Celtic concept to express one of the two rivalling leader clans of early medieval Scotland, whose founding father is king Fergus Mor of Dalriada. This Ferguside royal clan had rivalled the crown (of Dalriada, then that of Alba) against the Cenél Loairn, the later House of Moray for the preceding four or more centuries. The Cenél nGabráin were represented by the so-called House of Alpin before Dunkeld. Genealogically Dunkeld dynasty is based on Donnchad I of Scotland being of a different agnatic clan than his predecessor and maternal grandfather Máel Coluim II of Scotland. However, sociohistorically seen a more essential point to start has been regarded to been the reign of Donnchad's son Máel Coluim III of Scotland which happens to coincide with the start of the centuries-long period of strong influence from the southern neighbor, the Kingdom of England.
Suggested Reading: David I: The King Who Made Scotland by Richard Oram |
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First Interregnum 1286–1292
The Guardians of Scotland were the de facto heads of state of Scotland during the First Interregnum of 1286-1292, and the Second Interregnum of 1296-1306.
House of Balliol
The House of Balliol was a Scottish royal family in the 13th and 14th centuries. Two members of the house were kings of Scotland: John Balliol who ruled from 1292 to 1296, and claimed the throne as great-great-great-grandson of David I of Scotland of the House of Dunkeld. Edward Balliol, eldest son of John, who ruled from 1332 to about 1338 in contest with David II of Scotland of the House of Bruce. Both Balliols had English support for their claims; both were deposed. Edward died without issue, but the Balliol descent continued through his sister to the lords of Coucy and ultimately the Bourbon kings of France and Spain.
Second Interregnum 1296–1306
The Guardians of Scotland were the de facto heads of state of Scotland during the First Interregnum of 1286-1292, and the Second Interregnum of 1296-1306.
House of Bruce
The House of Bruce originated in Normandy in the 11th century, where the family took its name from Bruis (present-day Brix). It was here that the earliest known member of the family, Adam de Brus, built a castle. His descendant, Robert de Brus, was a Norman knight who came to England with William the Conqueror and was granted lands in Yorkshire. His son, the second Robert de Brus (c.1078-1141), received from David I of Scotland the lordship of Annandale, in Scotland. He renounced his lordship of Annandale after supporting the English in the Battle of the Standard 1138, but it was later restored to his younger son, the 2nd Lord of Annandale. His grandson, Robert, 4th Lord of Annandale, married in 1219 Isabella, the second daughter of David of Huntingdon and the great-granddaughter of David the 1st. This marriage provided the Bruces with an important link to the Scottish Royal House, and a future claim to the throne. The 5th Lord of Annandale, Robert the Bruce's grandfather, was named as heir-presumptive to the childless Alexander III, but never gained the throne as Alexander later fathered three children. Bruce's grandfather was also a competitor for the throne in 1292, but his claim was ignored in favour of that of John Balliol.
Suggested Reading: Robert Bruce: And the Community of the Realm of Scotland by Geoffrey Barrow |
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House of Stewart
The House of Stuart or Stewart was a royal house of the Kingdom of Scotland, later of the Kingdom of England, and finally of the Kingdom of Great Britain. The French spelling Stuart was adopted by Mary Queen of Scots while in France, to ensure that the Scots Stewart was pronounced correctly. The name itself originates from the ancient hereditary Scottish title High Steward of Scotland. The House of Stuart ruled the Kingdom of Scotland for 336 years, between 1371 and 1707. After the death of Queen Elizabeth I of England, the last monarch from the House of Tudor, the House of Stuart also took over the thrones of the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Ireland, providing the head of all three states between 1603 and 1707, under a personal union. During this latter period, the Stuarts styled themselves "Kings/Queens of Great Britain" despite there being no such political entity . Queen Anne, the last monarch of the House of Stuart, and of the separate kingdoms of Scotland and England, was to be the first monarch of a politically unified Kingdom of Great Britain, ruling until her death in 1714. The Stuarts were then followed by the House of Hanover. Members of various cadet and illegitimate branches still survive today.
Suggested Reading: The Stewarts: Kings & Queens of the Scots 1371 - 1625 by Richard Oram |
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House of Stuart-Lennox
James VI (Seumas VI) (1587–1625), Union of the Crowns with Kingdom of England from (1603) Charles I (Teàrlach I) (1625–1649) Charles II (Teàrlach II) (1649–1685) (See also English Interregnum) James VII (Seumas VII) (1685–1689) Mary II (Mairi II) (1689–1694), co–monarch William III (Uilleam II) (1689–1702), co-monarch until 1694 Anne (Anna) (1702–1714), though the Scottish throne was replaced with that of the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707 From 1707, the titles King of Scots and Queen of Scots are incorrect. Hence, this list runs up to 1707; for monarchs after that date, see List of British monarchs.
Suggested Reading: Dynasty: The Stuarts: 1560-1807 by John Macleod |
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